-
Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 2022is an anaerobic bacillus whose main target is the erythrocyte. This bacterium transmitted by the body louse notably infected the soldiers of the First World War from...
INTRODUCTION
is an anaerobic bacillus whose main target is the erythrocyte. This bacterium transmitted by the body louse notably infected the soldiers of the First World War from where the name of this disease: fever of the trenches. The 90s marked the return of this bacterial infection. infection in the homeless was reported in the literature with a high incidence in these populations worldwide. This upsurge of cases justified this study for a better understanding of infections.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the seroprevalence of infection by using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to collect scientific papers from PubMed and Google Scholar based on combining keywords.
RESULTS
The review included 45 articles published from April 1996 to March 2020 with 84 subpopulations of 21 countries from 4 continents; among them, 61 subpopulations had a positive rate from 0.2% to 65%. These subpopulations were divided into four main groups: homeless people, healthy people, blood donors, and symptoms/diseases. Homeless people were the main target of this infection, and three factors related to susceptibility were homeless period, age, and alcoholism. 6/11, 12/20, and 32/41 subpopulations of healthy people, blood donors, symptoms/diseases, respectively, had a positive percentage. However, factors of exposure in these three groups were not mentioned. Other reservoirs, vectors, and transmitted routes were identified to partially explain the worldwide spread of the infection, and it is important to have more further investigations to identify potential risk factors. This will help to limit contamination and prevent effectively.
CONCLUSIONS
This serological overview indicated the importance of infection that has emerged in multiple regions, touched worldwide populations.
PubMed: 35910824
DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_220_21 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jul 2017Since the reclassification of the genus in 1993, the number of species has grown from 1 to 45 currently designated members. Likewise, the association of different... (Review)
Review
Since the reclassification of the genus in 1993, the number of species has grown from 1 to 45 currently designated members. Likewise, the association of different species with human disease continues to grow, as does the range of clinical presentations associated with these bacteria. Among these, blood-culture-negative endocarditis stands out as a common, often undiagnosed, clinical presentation of infection with several different species. The limitations of laboratory tests resulting in this underdiagnosis of endocarditis are discussed. The varied clinical picture of infection and a review of clinical aspects of endocarditis caused by are presented. We also summarize the current knowledge of the molecular basis of pathogenesis, focusing on surface adhesins in the two species that most commonly cause endocarditis, and . We discuss evidence that surface adhesins are important factors for autoaggregation and biofilm formation by species. Finally, we propose that biofilm formation is a critical step in the formation of vegetative masses during -mediated endocarditis and represents a potential reservoir for persistence by these bacteria.
Topics: Bartonella; Bartonella Infections; Endocarditis; Humans
PubMed: 28490579
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00013-17 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jul 1996Bartonella (formerly Rochalimaea) quintana is the etiological agent of trench fever, a disease extensively reported during the World Wars. Recent molecular biology... (Review)
Review
Bartonella (formerly Rochalimaea) quintana is the etiological agent of trench fever, a disease extensively reported during the World Wars. Recent molecular biology approaches have allowed dramatic extension of the spectrum of Bartonella infections. B. quintana is now also recognized as an etiological agent of fever and bacteremia, endocarditis, bacillary angiomatosis, and chronic lymphadenopathy. Human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients and/or homeless people are the most vulnerable to infection. Poverty and louse infestation were the main epidemiological factors associated with B. quintana infections during wartime. Although poverty and chronic alcoholism have been associated with modern cases of trench fever and bacteremia due to B. quintana in Europe and the United States, vectors for B. quintana have not been clearly identified and B. quintana has not been isolated from modern-day lice. Microscopic bacillary angiomatosis lesions are characterized by tumor-like capillary lobules, with proliferating endothelial cells. In vitro experiments have shown that B. quintana survives within endothelial cells and stimulates cell proliferation. These observations, together with the finding that lesions may regress when antibiotic therapy is administered, strongly suggest that B. quintana itself stimulates angiogenesis. Bartonella infections are characterized by a high frequency of relapses after brief courses of antibiotic therapy. It is to be noted that in vitro, although Bartonella species are highly susceptible to antibiotics, only the aminoglycosides have proved to be bactericidal. However, the most effective antibiotic regimen for Bartonella infections remains to be established.
Topics: Angiomatosis, Bacillary; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthropod Vectors; Bacteremia; Bacteriological Techniques; Bartonella quintana; Cats; DNA, Bacterial; Disease Reservoirs; Endocarditis; Humans; Lymphadenitis; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Risk Factors; Serology; Trench Fever
PubMed: 8809460
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.9.3.273 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2021The genus is a rapidly expanding group of ubiquitous bacteria that occur mainly in different animal species, but some can also be transmitted to humans. Three species,...
The genus is a rapidly expanding group of ubiquitous bacteria that occur mainly in different animal species, but some can also be transmitted to humans. Three species, , , and , are responsible for the majority of human cases. The severity of the clinical symptoms often depends on the immune status of the patient, but others factors such as the species of the pathogen, virulence factors, and bacterial load also can play an important role. As the information on the occurrence of bartonellosis in the human population in Slovakia is absent, the aim of our pilot study was to determine the seroprevalence against and in the population of people living in Eastern Slovakia, and to identify the impact of related risk factors. Of 536 people included in the study, 126 (23.5%) showed positivity for anti- antibodies and 133 (24.8%) against . A statistically higher prevalence was confirmed only in the case of in women regardless of the risk group. In analyzing the risk factors, we found significant differences between seropositive and seronegative groups only in uric acid levels and serum creatinine, both, however, clinically irrelevant. Significant, but clinically irrelevant differences were observed also in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and creatinine in people seropositive to .
PubMed: 34684210
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101261 -
Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine Jun 2020Dental pulp with special structure has become a good reference sample in paleomicrobiology-related blood-borne diseases, many pathogens were detected by different... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Dental pulp with special structure has become a good reference sample in paleomicrobiology-related blood-borne diseases, many pathogens were detected by different methods based on the diagnosis of nucleic acids and proteins.
OBJECTIVES
This review aims to propose the preparation process from ancient teeth collection to organic molecule extraction of dental pulp and summary, analyze the methods that have been applied to detect septicemic pathogens through ancient dental pulps during the past 20 years following the first detection of an ancient microbe.
METHODS
The papers used in this review with two main objectives were obtained from PubMed and Google scholar with combining keywords: "ancient," "dental pulp," "teeth," "anatomy," "structure," "collection," "preservation," "selection," "photography," "radiography," "contamination," "decontamination," "DNA," "protein," "extraction," "bone," "paleomicrobiology," "bacteria," "virus," "pathogen," "molecular biology," "proteomics," "PCR," "MALDI-TOF," "LC/MS," "ELISA," "immunology," "immunochromatography," "genome," "microbiome," "metagenomics."
RESULTS
The analysis of ancient dental pulp should have a careful preparation process with many different steps to give highly accurate results, each step complies with the rules in archaeology and paleomicrobiology. After the collection of organic molecules from dental pulp, they were investigated for pathogen identification based on the analysis of DNA and protein. Actually, DNA approach takes a principal role in diagnosis while the protein approach is more and more used. A total of seven techniques was used and ten bacteria (Yersinia pestis, Bartonella quintana, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi C, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Rickettsia prowazeki, Staphylococcus aureus, Borrelia recurrentis, Bartonella henselae) and one virus (Anelloviridae) were identified. Y. pestis had the most published in quantity and all methods were investigated for this pathogen, S. aureus and B. recurrentis were identified by three different methods and others only by one. The combining methods interestingly increase the positive rate with ELISA, PCR and iPCR in Yersinia pestis diagnosis. Twenty-seven ancient genomes of Y. pestis and one ancient genome of B. recurrentis were reconstructed. Comparing to the ancient bone, ancient teeth showed more advantage in septicemic diagnosis. Beside pathogen identification, ancient pulp help to distinguish species.
CONCLUSIONS
Dental pulp with specific tissue is a suitable sample for detection of the blood infection in the past through DNA and protein identification with the correct preparation process, furthermore, it helps to more understand the pathogens of historic diseases and epidemics.
Topics: Bacterial Infections; DNA, Ancient; Dental Pulp; Fossils; Humans; Metagenome; Microbiota
PubMed: 32233019
DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1202 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Mar 2023Bartonella quintana is an important cause of culture-negative endocarditis. Although humans have been considered as its only reservoir, recent studies showed that...
BACKGROUND
Bartonella quintana is an important cause of culture-negative endocarditis. Although humans have been considered as its only reservoir, recent studies showed that macaque species are also reservoirs of B. quintana. Based on multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) B. quintana strains have been classified into 22 sequence types (STs), with 7 STs exclusively found in humans. Data regarding the molecular epidemiology of B. quintana endocarditis is limited to only 3 STs identified in 4 patients from Europe and Australia. We studied B. quintana endocarditis acquired in Eastern Africa or Israel to investigate the genetic diversity and clinical relatedness of B. quintana from distinct geographic regions.
METHODS
Eleven patients with B. quintana endocarditis, 6 from Eastern Africa and 5 from Israel, were studied. DNA was extracted from cardiac tissue or blood specimens and analyzed by MLST based on 9 genetic loci. An evolutionary relationship between STs was visualized by a minimum spanning tree. A phylogenetic tree was constructed with the concatenated sequences (4271 bp) of the 9 loci using the maximum-likelihood method.
RESULTS
Six strains were classified into previously described STs while 5 strains were identified for the first time and classified into new STs 23-27 which clustered with the previously reported STs 1-7 from human strains found in Australia, France, Germany, the USA, Russia, and the former Yugoslavia, without indication of geographical structuring. ST2 was the most prevalent ST, found in 5 of 15 patients with endocarditis (33.3%). ST26 appears to be a primary founder of the human lineage.
CONCLUSIONS
The new and previously reported human STs form a single human lineage, clearly separated from the other 3 B. quintana lineages of cynomolgus, rhesus, and Japanese macaques. From evolutionary perspectives, these findings support the assumption that B. quintana has co-evolved with host species to form a host-speciation pattern. ST26 is suggested herein as a primary founder of the human lineage and may be key to explore where B. quintana had first originated; ST2 is a dominant genetic type associated with B. quintana endocarditis. To confirm these findings, additional worldwide molecular epidemiological studies are required.
Topics: Humans; Bartonella quintana; Israel; Molecular Epidemiology; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; Phylogeny; Endocarditis; Africa, Eastern; Dermatitis
PubMed: 36882746
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08099-x -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Apr 2012Several of the infectious diseases associated with human lice are life-threatening, including epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever, which are caused by... (Review)
Review
Several of the infectious diseases associated with human lice are life-threatening, including epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever, which are caused by Rickettsia prowazekii, Borrelia recurrentis, and Bartonella quintana, respectively. Although these diseases have been known for several centuries, they remain a major public health concern in populations living in poor-hygiene conditions because of war, social disruption, severe poverty, or gaps in public health management. Poor-hygiene conditions favour a higher prevalence of body lice, which are the main vectors for these diseases. Trench fever has been reported in both developing and developed countries in populations living in poor conditions, such as homeless individuals. In contrast, outbreaks of epidemic typhus and epidemic relapsing fever have occurred in jails and refugee camps in developing countries. However, reports of a significantly high seroprevalence for epidemic typhus and epidemic relapsing fever in the homeless populations of developed countries suggest that these populations remain at high risk for outbreaks of these diseases. Additionally, experimental laboratory studies have demonstrated that the body louse can transmit other emerging or re-emerging pathogens, such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Yersinia pestis. Therefore, a strict survey of louse-borne diseases and the implementation of efficient delousing strategies in these populations should be public health priorities.
Topics: Animals; Bartonella quintana; Borrelia; DNA, Bacterial; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Disease Vectors; Ill-Housed Persons; Humans; Lice Infestations; Phthiraptera; Poverty; Relapsing Fever; Rickettsia prowazekii; Trench Fever; Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne
PubMed: 22360386
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03778.x -
Diagnostic Pathology Jan 2022Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies is a useful diagnostic method for detecting pathogen antigens in fixed tissues, complementing the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies is a useful diagnostic method for detecting pathogen antigens in fixed tissues, complementing the direct diagnosis of infectious diseases by PCR and culture on fresh tissues. It was first implemented in a seminal publication by Albert Coons in 1941.
MAIN BODY
Of 14,198 publications retrieved from the PubMed, Google, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases up to December 2021, 230 were selected for a review of IHC techniques, protocols and results. The methodological evolutions of IHC and its application to the diagnosis of infectious diseases, more specifically lice-borne diseases, sexually transmitted diseases and skin infections, were critically examined. A total of 59 different pathogens have been detected once in 22 different tissues and organs; and yet non-cultured, fastidious and intracellular pathogens accounted for the vast majority of pathogens detected by IHC. Auto-IHC, incorporating patient serum as the primary antibody, applied to diseased heart valves surgically collected from blood culture-negative endocarditis patients, detected unidentified Gram-positive cocci and microorganisms which were subsequently identified as Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella quintana, Bartonella henselae and Tropheryma whipplei. The application of IHC to ancient tissues dated between the ends of the Ptolemaic period to over 70 years ago, have also contributed to paleomicrobiology diagnoses.
CONCLUSION
IHC plays an important role in diagnostic of infectious diseases in tissue samples. Paleo-auto-IHC derived from auto-IHC, is under development for detecting non-identified pathogens from ancient specimens.
Topics: Bartonella quintana; Communicable Diseases; Coxiella burnetii; Heart Valves; Humans; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 35094696
DOI: 10.1186/s13000-022-01197-5 -
MSphere Apr 2022Bartonella bacilliformis is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that provokes pathological angiogenesis and causes Carrion's disease, a neglected tropical disease...
Bartonella bacilliformis is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that provokes pathological angiogenesis and causes Carrion's disease, a neglected tropical disease restricted to South America. Little is known about how facilitates vasoproliferation resulting in hemangioma in the skin in verruga peruana, the chronic phase of Carrion's disease. Here, we demonstrate that extracellularly secrets a passenger domain of the autotransporter BafA exhibiting proangiogenic activity. The -derived BafA passenger domain (BafA) increased the number of human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) and promoted tube-like morphogenesis. Neutralizing antibody against BafA detected the BafA derivatives from the culture supernatant of and inhibited the infection-mediated hyperproliferation of HUVECs. Moreover, stimulation with BafA promoted phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in HUVECs. Suppression of VEGFR2 by anti-VEGFR2 antibody or RNA interference reduced the sensitivity of cells to BafA. In addition, surface plasmon resonance analysis confirmed that BafA directly interacts with VEGFR2 with lower affinity than VEGF or Bartonella henselae-derived BafA. These findings indicate that BafA acts as a VEGFR2 agonist analogous to the previously identified B. henselae- and Bartonella quintana-derived BafA proteins despite the low sequence similarity. The identification of a proangiogenic factor produced by that directly stimulates endothelial cells provides an important insight into the pathophysiology of verruga peruana. Bartonella bacilliformis causes life-threatening bacteremia or dermal eruption known as Carrion's disease in South America. During infection, promotes endothelial cell proliferation and the angiogenic process, but the underlying molecular mechanism has not been well understood. We show that induces vasoproliferation and angiogenesis by producing the proangiogenic autotransporter BafA. As the cellular/molecular basis for angiogenesis, BafA stimulates the signaling pathway of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). Identification of functional BafA protein from in addition to B. henselae and , the causes of cat scratch disease and trench fever, raises the possibility that BafA is a common virulence factor for human-pathogenic .
Topics: Bartonella Infections; Bartonella bacilliformis; Endothelial Cells; Humans; Morphogenesis; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Signal Transduction; Type V Secretion Systems; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2
PubMed: 35379004
DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00081-22 -
Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases... Jan 2023species are fastidious gram-negative vector-borne bacteria with a wide range of mammalian reservoirs. While it is understood that some species of are human pathogens,...
species are fastidious gram-negative vector-borne bacteria with a wide range of mammalian reservoirs. While it is understood that some species of are human pathogens, the extent of human exposure to species (both pathogenic and nonpathogenic) is yet to be fully understood. To this end, residual sera from participants enrolled in undifferentiated fever studies in Cambodia, Ghana, Laos, and Peru were screened for the presence of IgG antibodies against and , using the FOCUS diagnostics Dual Spot- IgG Immunofluorescence assay. Forty-eight patients with suspected or confirmed exposure or infection in Peru were screened to assess cross-reactivity of the FOCUS assay for IgG against other . Ten of 13 patients with confirmed infection were -specific IgG positive, and overall, 36/48 of the samples were positive. In addition, 79/206, 44/200, 101/180, and 57/100 of the samples from Peru, Laos, Cambodia, and Ghana, respectively, were -specific IgG positive. Furthermore, ectoparasite pools from Cambodia, Laos, and Peru were tested using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) for the presence of DNA. Of the sand fly pools collected in Peru, 0/196 were qPCR positive; 15/140 flea pools collected in Cambodia were qPCR positive; while 0/105 ticks, 0/22 fleas, and 0/3 louse pools collected in Laos tested positive for DNA. Evidence of in fleas from Cambodia supports the possibility that humans are exposed to through this traditional vector. However, species were not found in fleas, ticks, or lice from Laos, or sand flies from Peru. This could account for the lower positive serology among the population in Laos and the strictly localized nature of infections in Peru. Human exposure to the Bartonella species and Bartonella as a human pathogen warrants further investigation.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Bartonella; Bartonella Infections; Peru; Laos; Cambodia; Ghana; Flea Infestations; Siphonaptera; Ticks; Mammals
PubMed: 36633562
DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0090